Understanding the ecology of leopards
Leopard Research

on Welgevonden

Leopards are frequently found on private land outside national parks in South Africa. It is in these areas that leopards come into conflict with humans and are regularly shot in retaliation to game and livestock losses.

Large carnivores have disappeared from areas of high human density and the species most exposed to human conflict are the most prone to extinction. In this respect, private reserves play an important role in the replenishment of impacted free ranging leopard populations.

On the other hand private reserves can be seen as source of constant “problem” animals for livestock and game farmers. It is thus of vital importance to understand the ecology of leopards on private reserves and their relationship to their immediate environment.

In 2008, a leopard research project was established on Welgevonden, conducted by Lourens Swanepoel from the Centre for Wildlife Management at the University of Pretoria.The project was used as a PhD study and continued for two years.

The objectives of this study were to determine the

Population characteristics of leopards: age classes, size of leopards, population composition, population density, reproduction, mortality rate, population regulation

Home range and movement of leopards: daily movement of leopards, exploratory movements, movement patterns and home ranges, home range characteristics, home range occupancy, seasonal movements

Activity and habitat use of leopards: nocturnal versus diurnal movement, forms of activity, daily activity pattern, factors affecting activity, habitat availability, habitat use

Feeding ecology of leopards: method of killing of prey, behaviour at kills, feeding behaviour, savaging, diet, kill rates, impact on prey populations

Social organization or leopards: degree of sociality, land tenure system, spatio-temporal relationship among leopards, territories

Importance of the Welgevonden leopards to the stability of the leopard population in the Waterberg: recruitment of outside leopards, dispersal of Welgevonden leopards to the outside, impact of Welgevonden leopards on neighboring properties

Update: April 2011

The final leopard report is out with an interesting note regarding the genetics of the Welgevonden Leopards.

 

Update: February 2013

The published results of the leopard research that took place on Welgevonden Game Reserve from 2006 to 2010 are now seeing the light of day. The abstracts for some of these papers can be viewed by following the links below. If the full article is required please contact one of the corresponding authors and request a copy of the paper. The paper on “Predictive modelling of leopard predation using contextual Global Positioning System cluster analysis” is available on open access and can be downloaded directly off the website for free.

Unusually High Predation on Chacma Baboons (Papio ursinus) by Female Leopards (Panthera pardus) in the Waterberg Mountains, South Africa
Jooste E, Pitman R.T, van Hoven W and Swanepoel L.H. Folia Primatol 2012;83:353–360
DOI: 10.1159/000339644.

Predictive modelling of leopard predation using contextual Global Positioning System cluster analysis
R.T. Pitman, L.H. Swanepoel and P.M. Ramsay; Article first published online: 3 JUL 2012,
DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.2012.00945.x
© 2012 The Authors. Journal of Zoology © 2012 The Zoological Society of London

Extent and fragmentation of suitable leopard habitat in South Africa,
L.H. Swanepoel, P. Lindsey, M.J. Somers, W. van Hoven, F. Dalerum,
Article first published online: 6 JUL 2012,
DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1795.2012.00566.x
© 2012 The Authors. Animal Conservation © 2012 The Zoological Society of London

Limpopo Leopard Project

This research forms part of a province wide research project run by Panthera, in partnership with the Limpopo Department of Economic, Development, Environment and Tourism (LEDET) and the University of KwaZulu-Natal, to monitor leopard populations in Limpopo.

Although leopards are widespread, their status is by no means secure and large numbers are killed every year. To ensure effective conservation, it is important to know where leopards are, how many there are, and most critically, how populations change over time. However, monitoring leopards is challenging due to their secretive nature and wide‐ranging behaviour, and researchers are relying on modern technology and powerful statistics to reliably estimate leopard numbers.

 

In addition to Welgevonden, surveys are being conducted in Makalali Game Reserve, Timbavati Game Reserve, Venetia-Limpopo, Atherstone and Wonderkop Nature Reserves, and the western Soutpansberg mountains on non-protected land.

 

This initial phase of this research is a 3 year project (starting in 2013), and entails the placement of 80 camera traps on each study site for a period of 50 days. The data will then be used to develop a model that can be applied to estimate leopard population numbers for Limpopo and thereby enable the authorities to make informed decisions pertaining to leopard conservation.

 

Welgevonden was asked to participate in this research due to our history of leopard research and especially camera trapping dating back to 2008. It is believed this continued monitoring will give Welgevonden, conservationists, ecologists, Government departments and the general public a better understanding of leopard population dynamics in general and specifically for Welgevonden Game Reserve.

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Leopard Research 2008-2011

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